History of the struggle of Muslims in the civilized world stage lasts very long approximately 13 centuries, ie since the time of the Prophet leadership in Madienah (622-632M); Rashidun Daulat Period (632-661M); Daulat Umayyad Period (661-750M) and Term Daulat Abbasids (750-1258 AD) until the fall of the caliphate of the Ottoman Empire at the date of 28 Rajab 1342 H or coincide with the date March 3, 1924 AD, where periods of peak golden glory, and many bore many Muslim scientists of international caliber who has carved out works normal and beneficial for mankind that occurred during approximately 700 years, starting from the sixth century AD to 12th century AD During this period, the control of world civilization in the hands of Muslims.
At the time of the Islamic civilization berjayanya search spirit of science is very strong in everyday life. Search the spirit of science evolved into an intellectual tradition has historically started from the understanding (tafaqquh) against the Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad which was then understood, interpreted and developed by the Companions, Successors, tabi 'Successors and the scholars who came later with reference to the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad.
RASULULLOH ERA SAW (622-632M) AND PERIOD Daulat first four caliphs (632-661 AD)
Prophet Muhammed's success in building the Islamic civilization unequaled in history achieved within a period of 23 years, 13 years of preparation steps on the Mecca period (Makiyyah) and 10-year period Madienah (Madaniyah). 23-year period is a time span of less than one generation, where he has successfully Saw hold power over the nations older at the time, especially the Roman civilization, Persia and Egypt.
A scientist named Dr. French thought. Gustave Le Bone says:
"In a century or three offspring, there is no human nations can make meaningful change. 30 descendants of the French nation or 1000 require the new year can be entered into a society that bercelup France. This is contained in all nations and people, is no exception other than Muslims, since Mohammed El-Apostle already be entered into a new society within one offspring (23 years) that can not be duplicated or done by others. "
Muhammed apostolic period at the end of the period is the peak Madienah (culmination) of Islamic civilization, because that's where the Islamic system perfected and enforced in society, nation and state.
"This day have I perfected for you your religion, and have both ends meet My My favor unto you, and already I had become the religion of Islam ridhai for you." (Surat al-anymore paragraph 3).
Generation time is the best generation as Allah Ta'ala says: "You are the best people who are born to humans, sent to those ma'ruf, and prevents it from being munkar, and faith in Allah." (Surah Ali Imran verse 110).
Daulat Umayyad PERIOD (661-750M)
The sovereignty of the Umayyad period lasts for approximately 90 years. Some of the Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah ibn Abi is Sufyan (661-680 AD), Abdul Malik bin Marwan (685-705 AD), Al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik (705-715 AD), Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (717 - 720 M) and Hashim bin Abd al-Malik (724-743 AD).
Preliminary Daulat berlangsungya Umayyad period a higher priority on the expansion of territory. Expansion of territory which had been halted at the time of Caliph Uthman and Hazrat Ali continued by Daulat Umayyads. At the time of Muawiyah, Tunisia was conquered. In the East, Muawiyah can competently Khorasan region up to the river Oxus and Afghanistan to Kabul. Navy conduct raids into the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. Eastward expansion undertaken by the Caliph Muawiyah then continued Abdul Malik. He sent his army crossed the Oxus river and can be successfully lowered Balkh, Bukhara, Khawarizm, Ferghana and Samarkand. Even to the Indian army and can competently Balukhistan, Sind and Punjab regions to Maltan.
Western expansion into a large scale continued in the days of Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik. Walid was a period during the reign of peace, prosperity and order, in which Muslims feel happy life. During the reign of the current approximately ten years, noted that in the year 711 AD was a military expedition from North Africa to the Southwest region, the continent of Europe. After Al-Algeria and Morocco can ditundukan, Tariq ibn Ziyad, the commander of Muslim troops, with troops across the strait that separates between Morocco with the European continent, and landed at a place now known by the name of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). Spanish soldier can be defeated. Thus, Spain became the target further expansion. The capital of Spain, Cordova, with the speed can be controlled. Following after that other cities such as Sevi'e, Elvira and Toledo that made the new Spanish capital after the fall of Cordova. Islamic forces gained the victory with ease because of the support from local people which has long been suffering from the cruelty of the authorities. At the time of Umar bin Abdul Aziz, an attack carried out to France through the mountains Piranee. This attack led by Aburrahman bin Abdullah Al-Ghafiqi. He began by attacking Bordeau, Poitiers. From there he tried to attack Tours. However, in a battle that occurred outside the city of Tours, Al-Ghafiqi killed, and his troops retreated back to Spain. Besides the areas mentioned above, there are islands of the Mediterranean Sea also fell into the hands of Islam in the Umayyad era.
With the successful expansion into several regions, both east and west, the area of Islam during the Umayyad rule this really is very broad. These areas include Spain, North Africa, Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Iraq, parts of Asia Minor, Persia, Afghanistan, the area now called Pakistan, Purkmenia, Uzbeks, and Kirgis in Central Asia.
In addition to the expansion of Islam, the Umayyad dynasty also contributed to development in various fields. In the field of scientific development, Daulat Umayyad start by issuing a strategic policy. Is the Caliph Abdul Malik (685-705M) is the first Caliph who succeeded to share the administration of government in which he ordered the use of Arabic as an official language of government and state administration throughout the territory of Islam that stretches from the Thian Shan Mountains in the east to the side of the Pyrenees West is included in various other state administration, further Arabic became the common language as the language of the world (lingua franca), also became among the nation's diplomatic language between the West and East and even develop into a scientific language until the Renaissance, to Roger Bacon (1214 -1294 AD) from Oxford experts think the greatest Englishman, according to Ecyclopedia Britanica, 1951, volume II, pages 191-197, encouraging such a way to learn Arabic in order to obtain highly pure knowledge, which states that: "Roger Bacon, placing Averroes Beside Aristole and Avicenna, recomends the study of Arabic as the only way of getting the knowledge Which versions Obscured bad, "ie," recommend studying Arabic as the only way to acquiring knowledge that has been obscured by the ugly versions of "previously.
Progress of intellectual and scientific tradition in the days of Umayyads in Andalusia Daulat felt by the people of Europe. Oliver Leaman describes the conditions of intellectual life there as follows:
".... At the time of the great civilizations [beings] in Andalus, anyone in Europe who want to know something ilmiyah he should go to Andalus. In that time a lot of problems in Latin literature that are still unresolved, and if someone went to Andalusia then returning from there he was suddenly able to solve these problems. So has the reputation of Islam in Spain for hundreds of years and occupy the highest peak in the knowledge of philosophy, science, engineering and mathematics. He is a bit like America's position today, which some universities are important. "
In other fields, build by Muawiyah including postal services and establish certain places by providing a complete horse equipment along the road. He also tried ordering the armed forces and print currency. In his time, a special office of a judge (Qadi), began to develop into a separate profession. Qadi was a specialist in their field. Khalifah Abdul Malik to change the currency used by the Byzantine and Persian in areas controlled by Islam. For that, he scored own money in the year 659 AD with the use of words and writing Arabic. The success of Caliph Abdul Malik, followed by his son Al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik (705-715 CE) a strong-willed and capable of carrying out development. He build asylums for the disabled. All personnel engaged in humanitarian activities is paid by the state permanently. He also built the main roads that connect one region to another, factories, government buildings and magnificent mosques.
In a field that is trading at Islamic civilization has mastered the world of commerce since the beginning of the Umayyad Daulat (661-750M), where the Indian Ocean coast to the Sind Valley, so interwoven unity over a large area from East to West which purported to smooth traffic at trade plains between China to the world of the Western hemisphere Thian Shan mountains through the Silk Road (Silk Road) was famous, which is also open trade route through the Gulf of Persia, the Gulf of Aden which connects it with the trading cities along the coast of Continental Europe, causing "Europe needs at that time very dependent on trade activities in the territory of Islam. "
Daulat PERIOD Abbasid (sd 132H/750M 656H/1258 M)
The sovereignty of the Abbasid period lasted for 508 years, a long history that range in a civilization. Based on changes in patterns of government and politics, historians typically divide the reign of Bani Abbas into five periods: (1) First Period (132 AD-232 H/750 H/847 M), called the first period of Persian influence, (2) Second Period ( 232 M-334 H/847 H/945 M), called pereode first Turkish influence, (3) Third Period (334 AD-447 H/945 H/1055 M), Buwaih dynasty's reign in the government of the Abbasid Caliphate. This period is also called the second period of Persian influence, (4) Fourth Period (447 AD-590 H/1055 H/l194 M), Children of the Seljuk dynasty's reign in the government of the Abbasid Caliphate; usually referred also to the second Turkish influence; (5) Fifth Period (590 AD-656 H/1194 H/1258 M), the caliph is free from the influence of another dynasty, but his power is only effective in around the city of Baghdad.
Unlike in the period of the Umayyad, Abbasid period Daulat prioritize first on pressing development of Islamic civilization and culture rather than area expansion. Noted the historical fact that the period of Abbasid sovereignty is a brilliant achievement in the Islamic world in science, technology and philosophy. At that two-thirds of the world ruled by the Islamic caliphate.
The period of ten first Caliph of the Abbasid Daulat heyday (golden) Islamic civilization, in which Baghdad experienced a rapid advancement of science. Politically, the caliphate is really a strong character and is a center of political power and religion as well. On the other hand, the prosperity of the community achieve the highest level. This period has also succeeded in preparing the foundation for the development of philosophy and science in Islam. But after this period expires, the Bani Abbas government began to decline in the political field, although the philosophy and science continues to grow.
During the first ten Caliph, the peak achievement of progress of Islamic civilization occurred during the reign of Harun al-Rashid (786-809 AD). Harun Al-Rashid is a figure of worship expert pious caliphate; happy bershadaqah; really loved science and loved the 'ulama; glad to be criticized and really miss the advice, especially from the' ulama. During the reign made a motion with the Greek translation of various books to hire translators from among the Christians and other religious experts. He also founded the school, which one of his great work was the development of Baitul Hikmah, a translation center that serves as universities with large libraries. Libraries in those days was more of a university, because there is next to the books, where people also can read, write and discuss.
Harun Al-Rashid also uses a lot of wealth to be exploited for social purposes. Hospital, physician education institutions, and pharmaceutical establishment. In his time there were already about 800 people at least a doctor. In addition, the baths, public baths were also constructed. Welfare, social, health, education, science, and culture and literature are in the golden era. At this time the Islamic state established itself as the strongest country unrivaled.
The occurrence of the development of institutions at the time of Harun Al Rashid reflects the development and advancement of science. This is very much determined by the development of the Arabic language, both as a language of administration that have been accepted since the time of the Umayyad dynasty, as well as the language of science.
During the first Abbasid rule was also born priests are four legal schools of Imam Abu Hanifa's life (700-767 AD), Imam Malik (713-795 AD); Imam Shafi'i (767-820 CE) and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780 -855 F).
Achieving progress of the Islamic world in the field of science is not separated from the open attitude of the Islamic government at that time to the various cultures of the nations before like Greece, Persia, India and others. Translation movement which carried out since the Caliph al-Mansur (745-775 AD) until Harun al-Rashid has implications on the development of general science, especially in the fields of astronomy, medicine, philosophy, chemistry, pharmacy, biology, physics and history.
According to Demitri Gutas translation process in the Abbasid era driven by social motives, political and intellectual. This means that the parties are both from the community, the ruling elite, businessmen and intellectuals involved in this process, so that its effects are culturally very large.
Translation movement of that era was followed by a period of great creativity, because a new generation of scientists and experts think that an educated Muslim who later built with knowledge gained to contributed in various fields of science.
According to Marshall, the process pengislaman traditions have done more than just integrate and improve, it has produced extraordinary creative energy. According to him, the period of the Caliphate in Islamic history was the period of development in the fields of science, knowledge and culture, which at that time gave birth to the great figures in the fields of philosophy and science, such as Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Al-Farabi. Various educational center where their studies with large libraries popping up in Cordova, Palermo, Nishapur, Cairo, Baghdad, Damascus, and Bukhara, which at the same time Europe has surpassed that sank in the dark for centuries. Cultural and political life both from the Muslim and non-Muslim caliphate at the time taken in the framework of Islam and Arabic, although there are differences of religious and ethnic plurality.
At that time, Muslims have managed to do an accelerated, far left of civilization that existed at that time. Scientific tradition of his life, the intellectual tradition through penerjamahan movement followed by a motion supported by strong investigation of elaboration and the spirit of searching, the development of scientific knowledge is developing rapidly, resulting in leap forward in various areas of scholarship that has produced many remarkable scientific work .
By Oliver Leaman translation process is carried out not only the Muslim scholars translate Greek works in ansich, but also examine texts, to comment, modify and mengasimilasikannya with Islamic teachings. The assimilation process according to Thomas Brown happened when the Islamic civilization has been solid. Science, philosophy and Greek kedoketeran diadapsi into the environment so that the Islamic worldview. This process illustrates how the high level of creativity that Muslim scientists of the process has generated new thinking is completely different from Greek thought and perhaps even foreign to Greek thought.
In the past the beginning of the development of power, the Islamic world has contributed to an important tool in the form of three types of paper (paper), compass (compass) and Gunpowder (gunpowder). Invention of the printing press (movable types) in China in late 8th century AD and the invention of the printing press similar in the West in the mid-15th century by Johann Gutenberg, according to the book Historians' History of the World, there will be no meaning and no point if the Arab Nations first find ways for making paper.
Brilliant achievements as an implication of the translation movement that carried out at the time of Daulat Abbasiah very clearly seen in the emergence of Muslim scientists who mashur and international caliber such as: Al-Biruni (physics, medicine), Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) in chemistry; Al -Khwarizmi (Algorism) in the mathematical sciences; Al-Kindi (philosophy); Al-Farazi, Al-Fargani, Al-Bitruji (astronomy); Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Haythami field and optical techniques; Ibn Sina (Avicenna), which known as the Father of Modern Medicine: Ibn Rushd (Averroes) in the field of philosophy, Ibn Khaldun (history, sociology). They have laid the foundation in various fields of science.
Several other Muslim scientists during the Abbasid Daulat whose work is recognized the world including:
• Al-Razi (teacher Ibn Sina), work in chemistry and medicine, produces 224 titles, 140 books on medicine, translated into Latin. The most famous of his books is Al-Hawi fi 'Ilm At Tadawi (30 volumes, containing about the types of illness and healing efforts). His books have become standard reference materials and guides doctors throughout Europe until the 17th century. Al-Razi was the first figures that distinguish between smallpox with measles. He was also the first person to compile a book on child medicine. Afterward, kedokteraan science in the hands of Ibn Sina;
• Al-Battani (Al-Batenius), an astronomer. Results of computation of the earth around the center of the solar system within 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes, 24 seconds, close to accurate. The most famous book is The Book of Al-Zij in Latin: De Scienta Stellerum De numerical Stellerumet Motibus u, where
The oldest translation of his works still exist in the Vatican;
• Al Ya'qubi, a geographer, historian and traveler. The oldest book in the history of geography, entitled Al Buldan (891), which was published again by the Dutch under the title Waddih Ibn al-Ya'qubi qui dicitur historiae;
• al Buzjani (Abul Wafa). He developed several important theories in mathematics (geometry and trigonometry).
History has proven that the contribution of Islam to the progress of science in the modern world becomes an indisputable historical fact. Even Islam was originated from the world of science through the transmission (spread, spread), dissemination and proliferation (development) to the Western world which was previously covered by the period 'the Dark Ages' encourage the emergence of Renaissance or the Enlightenment (enlightenment) in Europe.
Through the Islamic world is they have access to explore and develop modern science. According to George Barton, when the Western world was ripe enough to feel the need for deeper knowledge, his attention was not directed primarily to Greek sources, but to Arab sources.
Before Islam came, by Gustav Le Bon, Europe was in dark conditions, none of the advanced fields of science are even more superstitious. An interesting story happened in the days when leadership Abbasiah Daulat Harun al-Rashid, when he sent an hour as a ruler Charlemagne prize in Europe. Timers who reads it every hour by the bishop and the monk is presumed that within hours there was jinnya so that they feel scared, because it is considered as a thing of magic. At that time and subsequent times, both in the Christian East and in parts of the Western hemisphere Christians still use the sand as the timing clock.
How is the condition of Europe in medieval darkness (9th Century AD) not only on the mental aspects, which tend to be superstitious, so does the physical aspect of the material. This was as described by William Drapper:
"In those days the Islamic government in the capital city of Cordova is the most civilized city in Europe, 113 000 houses, 21 suburbs, 70 libraries and bookstores, mosques and palaces that much. Cordova became mashur around the world, where a long road for miles and has hardened illuminated by the lights from houses on the edge. While conditions in London seven centuries after it (ie the 15th century AD), one light umumpun no. In Paris many centuries after the time of Cordova, the man who stepped over the threshold of the door in the rain, walked up to his ankles in the mud. "
According to Philip K. Hitti, the distance of civilizations between Muslims under the leadership of Harun al-Rashid far beyond the civilization that existed at the Christians led Charlemagne.
9th century AD Medieval Islamic civilization has been covering all of Spain. The entry of Islam to Spain after the ad-intimate Abdur Rahman (756 AD) managed to build a government based in Andalusia.
Through Spain, Sicily and Southern France that were directly under the Islamic government, Islamic civilization into Europe. Arabic became the international language used by various tribes in various countries in the world. East Baghdad and Cordova on the West, the two giant cities of Islam illuminate the world with brilliant light. Around the year 830 AD, Alfonsi-King Asturian has brought two scholars of Islam to educate their beneficiaries. College of Medicine, founded in France (in Montpellier), fostered by some Grand Master of Andalusia. Scientific excellence of the Muslims are spread far into Europe and attract intellectuals and nobles to the countries of Western center. Among them were Roger Bacon (Great Britain); Gerbert d'Aurillac France who later became Pope Sylvester II, first with the title, during the three-year stay in Todelo studied mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and other sciences of Islamic scholars.
It is not surprising, because at the time of the Islamic caliphate that ruled Spain during the learning center (center of learning) for the European community with the University of Cordova. In Andalusia that they draw a lot of science, and from these countries appear the names of the 'great scholars such as Imam Ash-Syathibi author of the book Al-Muwafaqat, a book about a very influential Fiqh Usul; Ibn Hazm Al-Andalusi Al-author of the book Fashl fi al-wa al-Ahwa Milal 'wa an-Nihal, a book on comparative religions, sects and world, where such evidence has inspired Western writers to do the same thing.
In Andalusia (southern Spain), various university at the time was filled by many Catholic students from France, Britain, Germany and Italy. At that time, the young Christians from various countries in Europe are sent in droves to a number of universities in Andalusia in order to draw from science and technology of Muslim scientists. Was Gerard of Cremona; Campanus from Navarra; Aberald of Bath; Albert and Daniel of Morley who has studied so much of the Muslim scientists, to then go home and use it effectively to research and development in each nation. From here then a revolution of thought and culture has been smashed and widespread throughout society and throughout the continent. Christian youths who previously had a lot to learn from Muslim scholars, have managed to do a transformation of values that are superior to Islamic civilization which was then implemented in their civilization (the West) which in turn has implications on the progress in various fields of science.
Splendor development of science and knowledge in the Islamic world is indicated by the number of libraries spread across the cities and Islamic countries which amount was fantastic. History records, the library in Cordova on 10th century AD has 600 000 volumes. Darul Hikmah at Cairo library has 2 million volumes. Al-Hakim Library in Andalusia has a variety of books in 40 rooms which each room contains 18 000 volumes. Library Abudal Daulah in Shiros (southern Iran), the books meet the 360 rooms. While hundreds of years later (15th century AD), according to the Encyclopedia Catholik records, the library is a library of Canterbury Church of the Western world's most wealthy while the number of books not exceeding 1800 volumes.
History also notes that Archbishop Raymond in Spain founded in Todelo Interpreter Agency aimed at translating the majority of Muslim scholars writing about science, astronomy, chemistry, medicine, philosophy, etc., whereby the time needed to translate that is more than one half century (1135-1284 AD).
From the centers of Islamic civilization, including Baghdad, Damascus, Cordova, Seville, Granada and Istanbul, has been emitting sparkling light that lit up all over the world especially Cordova, Seville, Granada which is part of Islamic rule in Spain has a lot of great contributions to the growing and the development of modern civilization in the Western world.
UNTIL AFTER THE fall of the Abbasid Caliphate Daulat Ottoman Empire
During the Ottoman Caliphate, historians agree that the era of Caliph Sulayman al-Qanuni (1520-1566 AD) is a time of glory and greatness of his time was far behind European countries in the fields of military, science and politics.
Post-termination keluasaan Daulat Abbasids, Islamic leadership continues with Daulat Ottoman leadership. Daulat Ottoman Empire also known as the Ottoman or Turkish Empire, founded by the sons of Uthman, who during his reign of more than six centuries (1299 till 1923), 36 people led by the sultan, before he collapsed and fragmented into several small countries.
Empire has become the center of interaction between West and East for six centuries. At the height of his power, the Ottoman Empire was divided into 29 provinces to Constantinople (now Istanbul) as its capital. In the third century 16th and 17th, the Ottoman Empire became one of the main strengths of the world with a strong navy. Strength of the Ottoman Empire gradually eroded in the twentieth century 19, until finally completely collapsed in the 20th century. The enemies of Islam takes time for a century to break the bonds of Islamic ideology of the Muslim body, which in the end date of March 3, 1924 M which coincides with the date 28 Rajab 1342 Hijri, by Mustafa Kemal Attaturk who is a British agent and a member of Freemasonry (an organization Jewish), liquidate the institution last Islamic caliphate in Turkey and replace it with the Turkish Republic. So, from then on Islamic ideology actually buried is marked by removal of the empire's institutions by the national assembly last Caliph of Turkey, and pursued.
SOME IMPORTANT NOTES
Listening to how large the contribution of Islam to the world-scale emergence of Islamic civilization, especially in terms of science and technology, real progress has come from the West in the beginning of Islamic civilization. Western world is now true to thank the Muslim community. But in reality the West (non Muslims) have been deliberately covering up the large role of services of the warriors and the Muslim scientist who eventually abandoned even forgotten. Therefore, Muslims need to re-animate the spirit of Muslim scientists on the scientific huge contribution to the civilization of mankind in the world to welcome back the glory of Islam and its people.
We can listen, that the peak achievement of mastery of science and technology in the days of the past glory of Muslims is closely related to the establishment of caliphate system, where the existence of an integrated command system of global political role in line with the role of religion. We also get a picture in history that the figure of a pious former leaders of a statesman than as a reliable and qualified, as well as a 'Wara' ulama 'who was afraid of his Lord, loved science and loved people. In this aspect we can see the integration of the three main pillars in the formation of Islamic civilization are religion, politics and science in a single integrated control system under the leadership of a caliph caliphate.
Sustainability caliphate system, especially since the time of Daulat Daulat Umayyad and Abbasid though it may be khalifatul mulk (estapeta leadership is based on descent / dynasty), which sometimes led by a pious person and sometimes led by men zhalim and rebellious, but the worst conditions during kehilafahan, still much better than the period after tercerabutnya kehilafahan, because at the time of the Islamic Caliphate was still upright and the law obeyed by Muslims, as well as the observance of various fatwas of the 'ulema.
All that is good from its predecessors Muslims seyogiannya be a reflection model for us, while all that is less good, true serve as a very valuable lesson.
Meredupnya early Islamic civilizations that have occurred since the 8th century Hijri (13th century AD) until the 14th century Hijri (20th century AD) which has resulted in the transition process from the Islamic civilization to the West keradaban marked by periods of enlightenment in the Western world as well as the occurrence of colonization , conquest and annexation of Muslim lands by the fleet of war from Western countries in the decline of the political legitimacy of the caliphate of the Islamic world because of the role tends to be merely ceremonial symbols and only until the fall of the caliphate system of the Islamic world. From there then the commencement of the hegemony of the Western world against the Islamic world.
So, actually defeats the main factors and the weakening role of Muslims is not the strength of the enemies of Islam, but rather due to the weakening of the strength of Muslims caused by the act of disobedience are done. The biggest vices, especially in the form of attitudes associating Allah Ta'ala (polytheists) in worship and does not care anymore for various rules (shari'ah), who commanded him.
Leads the deeds done by Muslims that had been feared by Umar ibn Kaththabr.a. when he became Caliph, this is as we can see from the written message he had conveyed to Sa'd ibn Abi Waqash when it will face a battle. On the letter was written the following message:
'Umar ibn Kaththab ra. has written a letter to Sa'd ibn Abi Waqash ra: 'Verily we are commanded to you and to all the troops you lead, to be godly in all circumstances, because of taqwa to Allah is the main preparation and seutama-most powerful strategy in the face of battle. I also ordered troops to you and you lead in order to really protect themselves from disobeying Allaah. Because sinners are you doing at the time struggled more than I worry about enemy forces, and because you will be helped by Allah, if Allah's enemies have done a lot of sinners, because otherwise you will not have the strength because our numbers are not as many as the number of their troops, where the preparation
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